215 0 obj <>stream In India, finger millet is also called ragi or sometimes African millet. Vegetative growth stops at flowering. I would say the number one thing to remembr about planting your ponds or plots is … Price. Japanese millet is commonly grown as a late-season green forage. Cover crop use: Pearl millet is not commonly used in a solid stand for cover crop use, but does get planted as part of mixes. Japanese Millet, also called barnyard millet or billion dollar grass (fig. Japanese Millet is a summer annual grass, and produces a relatively coarse (stemmy) forage. Although millet production is only about 2% of the world cereal production, it is an important staple food crop in semi-arid regions. It is an excellent seed producer and is often planted to provide feed for mourning doves and other game Millet production is generally limited to fields with low soil fertility and poor rainfall conditions. For example, proso millet, being from the colder parts of central and east Asia, is best adapted to cooler areas of the U.S. with short growing seasons. This allows Chiwapa to be planted earlier in the growing season when rainfall is plentiful and still be standing when the first frost arrives. Foxtail millet has slender, erect leafy stems and may grow up to 50 in. Grain use: The main use of proso millet is for seed or grain harvest. To find them, do a web search using phrases such as “USDA plants database Japanese millet.”. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. It can be used as fresh cut forage, hay, silage or pasture. Before going into the specific characteristics of each millet, a few general observations about these crops may be helpful. Only pearl millet and proso millet have had much in the way of U.S. variety development efforts, and those have been regionally focused with proso developed for the High Plains and pearl millet varieties primarily developed in the south. Foxtail millet is easily grown in many parts of the U.S., planted with a grain drill and harvested for grain with a regular combine or with forage harvesting equipment for livestock feed. This millet can handle standing water if the young plant doesn't become completely submerged. Japanese millet, pearl millet: Annual ryegrass Winter barley, triticale, wheat, rye: ... spring cereals Yes (milk -dough stage) Yes Yes: Herbicide termination considerations: Cover crop species: Grass, legume, non-legume, mixture Cover crop growth stage: Taller generally requires higher rates Weed species present: Match burndown Crop to be planted: Japanese millet attracts deer, quail, ducks and dove. Since millet hay is unfamiliar to many buyers, getting the hay tested and having information on feed value and forage quality will be essential to getting full value from selling millet hay. Given their ability to tolerate tough growing conditions, they deserve greater consideration. Some general tips on using millets for cover crop use are as follows: For optimum biodiversity: Combine one or more millets with legumes and other grasses and broadleaves. For all millets, hay harvest should be done prior to heading stage. Having both a flood-tolerant plant like Japanese millet and a drought-tolerant plant like foxtail millet can increase the odds of the cover crop mix doing well in a variety of rainfall conditions. When to cut Millet for hay - posted in Alfalfa/Hay: Hi I have a 5ha paddock of Shirohie Millet that is from 250mm to 500mm high and was wondering when the best time to cut it for hay is, I will be round baling it. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a common crop in the U.S. also known as milo, has been called the “great millet” in Africa, where it originated. Millets also differ from other cereal grains by having small, rounded seed while most cereal grains have the elongated, pointed seeds familiar from wheat or rice grains. If the first crop is cut at vegetative growth stage… Forage use: Browntop millet was brought into the U.S. from India in the early 1900s to grow as a forage crop, a use that continues in the southeastern states. However, the rapidly growing interest in cover crops, including diverse mixes of covers, has brought new attention to several of the millets as potential covers. The larger but less premium market is bulk seed for bird feeders. Some common annual flowers that benefit pollinators. When the seed heads are first developing, it looks like the several “fingers” of the seed head are pointing straight upwards like an open hand with the palm facing upwards. They were both 24 to 30 inches tall. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Foxtail millet in particular is sold under many names in the U.S., such as Italian millet or German millet. The Japanese millets (Echinochloa esculenta) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. Wildlife use: Because browntop millet produces a large number of small edible seeds (as with other millets), it has been used some for attracting and supporting wildlife. Japanese Millet from Vegetable Farmers and their Innovative Cover Cropping Techniques eOrganic. Japanese Millet can be a valuable food plot addition whether you are trying to attract waterfowl, turkey, quail, dove, pheasant or whitetail deer. Soybeans do well following Japanese Millet. Japanese millet is a good fast-growing smother crop in higher moisture situations. seeding Japanese millet from mid-June to mid-July produced the most biomass. Ethnobotany Japanese millet … In a mix it plays the same role as sorghum-sudangrass, providing a vigorous warm season plant that produces more biomass than most of the other species in the cover crop “cocktail.” As a cover crop, the longer growth period of pearl millet is sometimes a benefit in situations where it is preferred to have longer vegetative growth, such as for grazing, and to avoid seed production on the cover crop plant before fall frost. As in proso millet, the seeds are enclosed in the hull and also range in color from creamy white, red, yellow or dark purple. Despite good agronomic characteristics, including drought tolerance and the semi-dwarf stature well-suited to combine harvesting, pearl millet grain-type varieties have not gained much use. As with other millets, caution is in order when weather stress, such as from drought, can make nitrates accumulate that are toxic to livestock (testing the hay is advised if nitrates are a concern). Sorghum is a drought-resistant crop that can tolerate a range of soil types from clay to light-textured sandy loams, but has its best competitive advantage compared to other grass crops on moisture-deficient soil or lower rainfall areas, similar to pearl millet. Japanese millet is a quantitative short day plant with a threshold of 13 hours If managing for multiple cuttings of hay, cut Japanese Millet in the boot stage of maturity or earlier and leave 4” of stubble to allow the best regrowth. Stand Alone. Establishment. This creates an opportunity for further testing and evaluation of various millet varieties to see what is best adapted to a given region. Because of the stem thickness, Japanese Millet is still challenging to hay, but with proper management it can be accomplished. Others millet species are sold less frequently as covers but still show up as options for custom cover crop mixes, particularly where farmers and other land managers seek to attract wildlife or achieve a high level of biodiversity in their cover crop cocktails. Another reported benefit is its ability to be stored for many years without insect damage. More use of sorghum for bioenergy may also be feasible in the future, based on promising research done to date at a number of U.S. locations. Other names it is occasionally called include bulrush millet or cattail millet (due to the somewhat similar appearance of the grain heads to cattails). While it is considered a minor forage in terms of importance, it does provide the benefit of being a fast-growing summer option that can produce a hay crop without irrigation, unlike perennial irrigated alfalfa that often is used in some of the same areas where foxtail millet may be grown. Table 2 provides some summary information, while additional details are provided in the “cover crop use” sections below for each millet species. However, doing some small acreage test production for a year or two and then lining up markets before planting any significant acreage is strongly recommended. Is it like Oats that you would wait for the head and cut it at the milk stage or should it be cut before running into head? Plant when soil temperature reaches 60 degrees farenheit. It is probably best suited to cover crop mixes on southeastern upland fields, as opposed to the wetter bottomland that would favor Japanese millet. This confusing mix of common names has perhaps held back some awareness and acceptance of foxtail millet in the U.S. For example, a seed dealer may offer both German millet and Italian millet in a way that implies they are different crops but in fact they are the same species. It has small, rounded seeds that are similar to but a little larger than the other millets. Figure 1. Generally the seed heads will persist longer than most of the other millets. Japanese Millet also has a higher level of saline tolerance than other millets. Millet General Information Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L., is a warm-season annual crop grown under dry conditions in the northeast for human and animal consumption. Japanese Millet At A Glance summer annuals. Management. Maturity varies with foxtail, proso, Japanese and browntop millet being the fastest maturing types (60-90 days depending on planting date and variety and weather), and with pearl and finger millet being more intermediate in maturity (roughly 100 to 110 for seed harvest). The inflorescence is a dense, bristly panicle resembling the panicles of weedy foxtails. Growing Millet in the United States. Growing Millets for Grain, Forage or Cover Crop Use. Sorghum (the “great millet”) originated in the same part of Africa as pearl millet and finger millet. Common cereal grains such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats grow best in the cooler weather of fall and spring while millets are warm season plants that do best in the heat of summer. Japanese millet is a quantitative short day plant with a threshold of 13 hours *Note that all the millets except pearl millet are normally planted with a grain drill in narrow (6 to 8 inch wide) rows. Thus, all are edible and all are still used for human food in their regions of origin and other areas. Another trial found that Japanese millet worked well in mixes with cowpeas. When millet is listed as an ingredient on the label of a food product in the U.S., such as multigrain bread, the type of millet is almost always proso. Grown annually on 5 to 10 million acres in the U.S., it’s found all along the southern and western edge of the Corn Belt. Harvest at 40-50 inches or when crop is in the boot stage. ASK. 1:36. Even some of the smaller-acreage millets are important food crops in their primary growing regions. seeding Japanese millet from mid-June to mid-July produced the most biomass. Pearl millet does have good qualities as a grain, including higher protein than corn. It will tolerate wet and muddy soil conditions while growing and can even be slightly flooded while growing as long as the leaves remain above water. It is a long season millet, needing 120 growing days, whereas most other millets are only 60 day millets. Additionally, the influence of air temperature and simulated rainfall on fluazifop efficacy for green foxtail and Japanese millet was determined by greenhouse and growth-room experiments. Job’s Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), also referred to as adlay millet, is from southeast Asia where it grows as a perennial, but it can be grown as a summer annual in temperate regions. It has been shown to increase the bearing capacity in waste clay settling ponds produced by mining activities (Pittman and Sweeney, 1983). Birdseed use: One of the novel uses of foxtail millet is harvesting of the whole heads as a birdseed “spray” sold for caged birds such as parakeets. Sometimes called duck millet, it is fast growing and best planted in areas that flood or near water. The inflorescence is a brown to purple panicle made up of 5 to 15 sessile erect branches. Under ideal conditions seed will germination within 5 days and forage or seed will be ready to harvest within two months time. Primary existing uses for harvested foxtail millet seed to people wanting the seed to plant as a forage crop. The Jap millet far out-yeilded the Pearl with this first cut. Back to Millets. University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Foxtail millet hay should not be fed as a major portion of horse hay because it contains a glucoside that can affect horse organ and bone health; it can also act as a laxative to horses. The current markets for seed of specific millets were described above, but as with any crop, additional markets could be developed by people with entrepreneurial skills. Millets are diverse and broadly adapted crops but also a source of some confusion for both farmers and consumers. Cover crop use: Vegetable growers have used browntop millet occasionally as a cover crop in the southeastern U.S. One reported use is between tomato or pepper crops to help control root knot nematodes. It tolerates heat and humidity well and can tolerate periodically wet soils or shallow flooding (provided part of the plant remains above water). Most often, it’s used after early season vegetables are harvested in June. Development of new markets for bird seed sales or even human food products are possible. Particularly for people wanting to provide a beneficial plant for songbirds or game birds, foxtail millet has merit in a mix because of its relatively fast seed production and appeal of the seed for birds. Table 1. Table 2. (In the midwest this would generally be the end of May or in June.) Entire seed heads can be hand cut and bundled together, such as a half-dozen each, and marketed as novelty bird feeders than can be hung on a fence or shed. When to cut Millet for hay - posted in Alfalfa/Hay: Hi I have a 5ha paddock of Shirohie Millet that is from 250mm to 500mm high and was wondering when the best time to cut it for hay is, I will be round baling it. Japanese millet, also know as barnyard millet or billion-dollar grass, is well adapted to much of the eastern U.S. Basically, anywhere where soil moisture is limited by rainfall or soil type is where sorghum is usually found, provided it’s hot enough. One of the novel uses is for malted products, including malted infant foods popular in India for their nutritional qualities. Knowing about the biology of each species and their preferred growing conditions can help make decisions about which millets to use for particular cover crop situations. As an important food crop in parts of east Africa and India, finger millet is grown on an estimated 5 to 10 million acres worldwide. It has been used in the U.S. both for forage and wildlife planting, particularly to attract and support ducks, but it also has potential for human food and cover crop use. Fast growth and a fibrous root system Drought tolerant Good summer production High quality summer forage. Goldfinches in particular are attracted to the seed heads, which look similar to cattails. Farmers can also consider growing Japanese millet seed for cover crop (or wildlife) seed sales. It is adapted to moderately high elevations, generally grown at elevations between 3000 and 7000 feet in Africa and also uplands in India and Nepal. There is a very small amount grown for grain, but nearly all is grown as a hay crop, particularly for horses given its palatable nature and high quality as a hay. It is reportedly eaten by many other game species, including deer, ducks, turkeys, quail, and pheasants. Management. • Millet used for grain is harvested after the heads have matured. Although soybeans made their way from China to the U.S. and became one of our two most widely grown crops, foxtail millet is another Chinese crop that has received considerably less attention in the U.S. After Chinese crops started spreading around the world, foxtail millet was found a home in some European countries because it could mature quickly in the short European summers. Limiting factors to greater use of finger millet include modest grain yields and the significant effort involved with weeding the crop and harvesting it. Its strength is that it is a rapidly maturing grass, often used as Transportation cost is a major consideration, as delivery points for the grain may be several hundred miles away if conventional markets are pursued. In 2002, Five Oaks Wildlife Services in Stuttgart, Arkansas developed Golden Millet as a way to set back succession in moist soil impoundments (duck ponds) and to grow … In flooded situations, ducks and other waterfowl may be able to strip the seeds directly off the seed heads. More research is needed on these species for their cover crop merits in terms of specific soil health factors. Is it like Oats that you would wait for the head and cut it at the milk stage or should it be cut before running into head? Foxtail and Proso Millet -- These millets rarely provide It can be plant through early July, and is useable in about 50 days. Pearl millet can grow up to 4.6 meters tall and has a grain head that looks like a cattail. Low tannin sorghum varieties are preferred when used in wildlife food plots and may be desirable for some cover crops use. Often a few cool season cover crops are also added to the mix, such as radishes, clovers, oats, or winter cereals. Teff is fast-growing but also short in stature and quick to maturity, so as a cover crop its main potential would be as a quick summer cover for a couple of months. Forage use: Whether in creek or river bottoms or upland sites, Japanese millet can make a suitable hay crop or can be directly grazed. Japanese Millet stems are coarser than Foxtail and Proso Millets but thinner than Pearl Millet. Japanese millet can be easily cured for hay and will have forage quality similar to other millet or small grain hay. However, in terms of current U.S. consumption, only proso millet has any significant use as a food grain. Planting Rates. %%EOF Then, as the seed head matures, the seed head fingers tend to curl inwards, like a hand starting to close. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items. Like the seed of most grass crops, it can be made into a porridge or ground into a flour for making flatbreads. With wider use of cocktail covers, both by vegetable and grain farmers, it’s likely that foxtail millets will be used some in those mixes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service has published online fact sheets on most of the millets discussed here. ... hay is cut in later stages of development, quality is lowered but yields are higher. It is grown as a late-season green feed in temperate climates. 4) ... Japanese millet makes its best growth on good soils. This crop gets its name from the way the seed heads look like fingers pointing upwards. Despite its use in a variety of human food products, its biggest market is for birdseed, almost always mixed with other birdseeds including sunflower and sorghum. All of the millets can and will be eaten by at least some bird species, but more research is needed on the attractiveness of the less common millets for feeding various types of birds in the U.S. For nutrient management and soil health: Unfortunately, we don’t yet know which of the millets contributes most to helping with nutrient management or other soil health factors, such as stimulating soil mycorrhizae. Millets are from many parts of Asia and Africa, but most have not been used in Europe, with the exception of proso and foxtail millet. 1982). Relative biomass production will vary depending on soils and climate, but generally Japanese millet produces the second highest amount of biomass among the millets after pearl millet. While Japanese millet can be used in either upland or flood prone sites, if used in the latter situation, it’s best to plant it before flooding occurs. Good for prepared sites (disked). Like many alternative grain crops domesticated for making food elsewhere in the world, teff is being grown primarily as a forage in the U.S. Japanese Millet (Enchinochloa frumentacea) - Japanese millet is an annual grass that grows 2 to 4 feet tall. As a group, the millets in the U.S. have been underutilized. Proso millet is fast maturing but lacks in biomass compared to the other covers, at least through most of the Corn Belt and southeastern U.S. Most of the millets need warm soil temperatures of typically 70 degrees F. or more for seed germination, so are normally planted in the latter half of May or early June depending on the growing region; proso millet can tolerate cooler temperatures and can be seeded when soil temperature is 55 to 65 degrees F. If millets are used as a summer cover crop, planting can be mid-summer after an early season cash crop is harvested, such as wheat, potatoes, or spring greens. Planting Rates. Vegetative growth rate in Japanese millet is strongly influenced by temperature, with plants growing faster at warmer temperatures (Muldoon et al. Some species of foxtail millet are grown for birdseed. Finger millet is believed to have first been domesticated in the highlands of Ethiopia and/or Uganda. To get maximum yield, hybrids have been developed, meaning that new hybrid seed needs to be purchased every year from the seed dealer rather than saving seed for planting. According to a report by the National Academy of Sciences (Lost Crops of Africa, published in 1996), finger millet is one of the most nutritious food grains available. In the last few decades, a more modest effort has existed to develop a few new grain varieties of pearl millet as semi-dwarf plants with high seed yield. The seeds grow in a hard, rounded fruiting shell, or caryopsis, about the size of a pearl that is often strung together for necklaces or prayer beads. It’s also been used for yogurt and as with other fermentable grains, into beer. The forage type would normally be sold as a cover crop due to wider availability and greater biomass. Cover crop use: The most extensive use of foxtail millet as a cover crop has been in vegetable systems. Seeding rates for foxtail and other millets are listed in Table 3. However, it may have a role as in drought-tolerant mixes of summer annual cover crops, including where people want to provide some seed attractive to songbirds or gamebirds. Pearl millet is leafy, with an upright growth habit, and grows 4 to 8 feet tall. Finger millet could be an important aid in battling malnutrition in additional regions of the world. • During the growing phase the plant flowers and begins to develop four or five tillers along its main ... grown: pearl millet, brown top millet, foxtail millet, and Japanese millet. It is similar to using sorghum-sudangrass. Grain crop use: While foxtail millet is a very acceptable food grain grown in many countries for food use, it has in the past gotten little attention for grain harvest or food use in the U.S. With greater interest in multigrain food products, there may be more of a market for foxtail millet grain going forward. It has also had far more research and development than all the other millets combined, particularly in the U.S. where it can be considered a “mid-major” crop, to use a sports analogy. However, Japanese millet will be killed if completely submerged in floodwaters for an extended period. Although the scientific name and the most common U.S. name is provided above, most of these crops are known by multiple common names, which will be provided in the sections later in this publication on each crop. They were planted on June 18 side by side (mainly for our own comparison). The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of growth stage and sowing date on water use strategies in four annual forage crops (forage maize, Sudan grass, foxtail millet and Japanese millet), and 2) quantify water use in different soil layers for each of the forage crops. It should be particularly suited to areas at 2000 feet or more in elevation of the Western Plains. Sorghum has been hybridized with sudangrass to create sorghum-sudan, a vigorous summer grass used as both a forage and for cover crop cocktail mixes. This allows Chiwapa to be planted earlier in the growing season when rainfall is plentiful and still be standing when the first frost arrives. ... hay is cut in later stages of development, quality is lowered but yields are higher. Browntop millet has white or light-colored seed and Japanese millet seed are reddish-purple. Two exceptions to this seasonal growth pattern are the cereal grains corn and rice, which like millets are warm season plants. There is potential for excess nitrates if the crop is grown in drought or cold situations, so that should be monitored for hay or grazing use. Both of these crops are fast growers that provide forage in the heat of summer. With extremely rapid growth, browntop millet can fill narrow growing windows to produce a nice quality forage. Uses Forage/Feed: Compared to other warm season forage grasses, browntop millet is relatively low yielding. Have a fair degree of popularity and economies throughout the state are provided near the end may... 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