J Immunol 120: 871–878, Mentzer RM, R, Berne RM (1975) Release of adenosine by hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in pulmonary circulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 76: 583–590, Perruchoud AP, Yerger L, Abraham W (1984) Differential effects of aminophylline on the early and late antigen-induced bronchial obstruction in allergic sheep. Am Rev Respir Dis 137: 36A, Brenner M, Berkowitz R, Marshall N, Strunk RC (1988) Need for theophylline in severe steroid-requiring asthmatics. Clin Allergy 18: 143–150, Cartier A, Lemaire I, L’Archeveque J, Ghezzo H, Martin RR, Malo JL (1986) Theophylline partially inhibits bronchoconstriction caused by inhaled histamine in subjects with asthma. Current drug therapy for asthma is highly effective and has evolved from naturally occurring substances through logical pharmaceutical developments. The xanthine drugs are clinically effective in asthma. Methylxanthines are found in high concentrations in tea, coffee, and chocolate. CNS stimulant, smooth muscle relaxation, diuresis, and cerebral vasoconstriction. This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. The pharmacology of anti-asthma xanthines remains a topical field for experimental and clinical research. Adhesive forces Br J Clin Pharmacol 19: 85–92, Mapp C, Boshetto P, Dal Veccho L, Crescioil S, De Marzo N, Paleari D, Fabbri LM (1987) Protective effect of antiasthma drugs on late asthmatic reactions and increased airway responsiveness induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 140: 974–980, Ishizaki T, Minegishi A, Morishita M, Odaijma Y, Kanagawa S, Nagai T, Yamaguchi M (1988) Plasma catecholamine concentrations during a 72-hour aminophylline infusion in children with acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78: 874–876, Nassif EG, Weinberger M, Thompson R, Huntley W (1981) The value of maintenance theophylline in steroid-dependent asthma. The xanthine drugs are clinically effective in asthma. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 216–220, Persson CGA, Erjefält I, Andersson P (1986a) Leakage of macromoleculs from guinea-pig tracheobronchial microcirculation. Part of Springer Nature. Dekker, New York, pp 129–176, Persson CGA, Kjellin G (1981) Enprofylline, a principally new antiasthmatic xanthine. J Biol Chem 229: 351–357, Boe J, Swedish Socity of Chest Medicine (1988) Salbutamoel in acute asthma–a multicenter study. By Jim Clarke; 2 Why Use Xanthines? In: Andersson KE, Persson CGA (eds) Antiasthma xanthines and adenosine. what happens if xanthines are used with other drugs? Eur Respir J (in press), Lundblad KA, Persson CGA (1988) The epithelium and the pharmacology of guinea-pig tracheal tone in vitro. N Engl J 304: 71–75, Nielson CP, Crowley JJ, Cusak BJ, Vestal RE (1986) Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and enprofylline potentiate catecholamine effects and inhibit leukocyte activation. of asthma and were subsequently maintained on a reg imen with the assigned medication for a further 11 months. Bronchodilators are drugs that open the airways of the lungs. METHYLXANTHINE DRUGS. Available for Android and iOS devices. They are generally believed to act primarily by reversing the contraction of airway smooth muscle, although they may have additional properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of asthma … Not logged in J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78(4 pt 2):817-824, 01 Oct 1986 Cited by: 16 articles | PMID: 3534062. Review. Check mild interactions to serious contraindications for up to 30 drugs, herbals, and supplements at a time. Therapeutic actions of Xanthines Med Hypoth 8: 515–526, Persson CGA (1983) The profile of action of enprofylline or why adenosine antagonism seems less desirable with xanthine antiasthmatics. Ann Allergy 56: 171–175, Fink G, Mittelman M, Shohat B, Spitzer SA (1987) Theophylline-induced alterations in cellular immunity in asthmatic patients. Title: Pharmacology Xanthines 1 Pharmacology - Xanthines. Lancet 1: 299–301, Bergstrand H (1985) Xanthines as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Xanthines are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in the treatment of asthma symptoms. Furthermore, in large doses, prazosin has some phosphodiesterase inhibitor properties. Xanthine Derivatives. J Allergy Clin Immunol 77: 570–575, Chapman KR, Bryant D, Marlin GE, Mitchell C, Ruffin R, Inouye T, Pedersen B, Koskinen S, Osen SS, Ringdal N, Willey RF, Formgren H, Persson G, Kallen A, Ljungholm K (1989) A placebo-controlled dose-response study of enprofylline in the maintenance therapy of asthma. Methyl xanthines; Anti inflammatory agents; Glucocorticoids; Mast cell degranulation blockers (Mast cell stabilizers) Newer drugs; Leukotriene antagonists ; Anti I g E antibodies; Allergy vaccination; Herbal Drugs used for Asthma: Though the large numbers of drugs are available for the treatment of asthma, the relief offered by them is mainly symptomatic and short lived. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 82: 395–408, Snyder SH (1981) Adenosine receptors and the actions of methylxanhines. Symptoms include dyspnoea, wheezing, cough and may be limitation of activity. Am Rev Respir Dis 138: 1106–1114, Welton AF (1980) Regulatory role of adenosine in antigen-induced histamine-release from the lung tissue of actively sensitized guinea-pigs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15: 161–166, Dutoit J, Salome CM, Woolcock A J (1987) Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma but oral theophylline does not. Biochem Pharmacol 34: 4269–4273, Littenberg B (1988) Aminophylline treatment in severe, acute asthma. Abstract. The methylxanthines, theophylline, and dyphylline are used in the treatment of airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. Download preview PDF. Chest 93: 510–514, Schmedeberg O (1905) Uber die Anwendung des Theophyllins als Diuretikum. Excerpta, Amsterdam, pp 23–40, Persson CGA (1986) Development of safer xanthine drugs for treatment of obstructive airway disease. NG80: Asthma diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management November 2017 BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the management of asthma September 2016 Aminophylline is a combination of theophylline and ethylenediamine which confers greater solubility in water but can cause an allergic reaction. Respiration 46: 44, Persson CGA (1982) Universal adenosine receptor antagonism is neither necessary nor desirable with xanthine antiasthmatics. Drugs & Medications Asthma Tablet Adenosine; Hexobendine; Regadenoson/Xanthine Derivatives Interactions This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. Used as bronchodilators for asthma and COPD patients ; Not as widely used in the 90s as has been the case in the past ; Now considered to be second or third-line drugs in treatment of asthma COPD ; 3 Types of Xanthines. What are the uses of xanthines? Acta Physiol Scand 127: 95–104, Persson CGA, Andersson KE, Kjellin G (1986b) Effects of enprofylline and theophylline may show the role of adenosine. It is the drug of choice for apnea of prematurity. Sympathomimetics and xanthines are widely used in the treatment of both acute and chronic asthma. The XANTHINES Xanthines, including caffeine and theophylline, come from a variety of naturally occurring sources. In: Persson CG A, Brattsand R, Laitinen L, Venge P (eds) Inflammatory indices in chronic bronchitis. There are multiple modes of action, and different drugs exert varying selectivities. Methylxanthines are a class of drugs that can be used in the treatment of acute asthma episodes. Amsterdam, Excerpta, pp 187–192, Barclay J, Whiting B, Addis GJ (1982) The influence of theophylline on maximal response to salbutamol in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary effects of seven xanthines, exhibiting a range of potencies as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors and as adenosine antagonists, were investigated in anesthetized and ventilated guinea pigs. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 49: 313–316, Persson CGA, Ekman M, Erjefält I (1979) Vascular antipermeability effects of β-receptor antagonist and theophylline in the lung. Birkhäuser, Basel 243–256, Persson CGA, Erjefält I (1982) Seizure activity in animals given enprofylline and theophylline, two xanthines with partly different mechanisms of action. In select patients they produce therapeutc effects which cannot be accomplished by other drugs, singly or in combination, however high the dosages. DRUGS FOR BRONCHIAL ASTHMA . The three types of bronchodilators used for treating asthma are; 1) beta-adrenergic bronchodilators; 2) anticholinergic bronchodilators; and 3) xanthine derivatives. There are dozens of brand names for each of them. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 137–155, Pollock J, Kiechel F, Cooper D, Weinberger M (1977) Relationship of serum theophylline concentration to inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm and comparison with cromolyn. The xanthines come from a variety of naturally occurring sources. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools ... - this is a maintainace drug. info on nedocromil sodium: PREVENT & reduce symptoms of asthma, inhibits the inflammatory activites of mast cells, eosinophils, airway epithelial cells, sensory neurons, inhibits cytokine release, alters the creation and release of other inflammatory cytokines in airway epithelial cells, inhibits afferent fibers of … Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. In: Andersson KE, Persson CGA (eds) Anti-asthma xanthines and adenosine. Theophylline is reported to improve inspiratory muscle function, specifically the diaphragm, and may have some anti-inflammatory effects. Bronchial asthma • Derived from a Greek word meaning difficulty in breathing. They are considered ‘add on’ therapy in asthma if symptoms are not well controlled despite medium dose inhaled steroids and long acting bronchodilators in asthma and COPD. This is a preview of subscription content, Alexander MR, Dull WL, Kasik JE (1980) Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with orally administered theophylline. Coronavirus: Find the latest articles and preprints ... Development of safer xanthine drugs for treatment of obstructive airways disease. Eur J Resp Dis 64: 333–339, Lunell E, Andersson KE, Persson CGA, Svedmyr N (1984) Intravenous enprofylline in asthma patients. Effect of different bronchodilators on airway smooth muscle responsiveness to … It is used in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Xanthines act as mild stimulants and help to improve breathing. Birkhauser, Basel, pp 37–54, Vilsvik JS, Persson CGA, Amundsen T et al. Effects of allergen, leukotrienes, tachykinins, and antiasthma durgs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78: 817–824, Persson CGA (1988) Xanthines as airway antiinflammatory drugs. N06BC — Xanthine derivatives; Drugs. This makes them useful to treat asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Theophylline is an active component of different FDA-approved drugs for asthma and other respiratory conditions . Theophylline is an active component of different FDA-approved drugs for asthma and other respiratory conditions [ 21 ]. Fed Proc 30: 1725–1729, Passamonte PM, Martinez A J (1984) Effect of inhaled atropine or metaproterenol in patients with chronic airway obstruction and therapeutic serum theophylline levels. Author: Beatrice Pugliese Date: 24/11/2014. Clinical Application Case Study. This medication works best when taken on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after meals. Xanthines. Side B: Xanthines reverse the airway obstruction in cases of asthma, providing thereby a quick relief. pp 207-225 | Hence, if we can learn more about the mode of action of theophylline, the major anti-asthma xanthine, we may gain new insights into the mechanisms of asthma. Our Drug Interaction Checker provides rapid access to tens of thousands of interactions between brand and generic drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements. Description. Asthma and antiasthmatics 1. Learn faster with spaced repetition. Therapeutic actions of Xanthines. Theophylline is the most well known and most commonly used methylxanthine. Influence of cellular levels of cyclic AMP. Simliarities and differences. XANTHINES: role of aminophylline and theophylline in the treatment of bronchial asthma Drugs. Bronchodilator actions of xanthine derivatives administered by inhalation in asthma. Formulary Information Short-acting muscarinic antagonists (SAMA, e.g. Xanthines act as mild stimulants and help to improve breathing. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Am Rev Respir Dis 139: 688–693, Chrystyn H, Mulley BA, Peake MD (1988) Dose response relation to oral theophylline in severe chronic obstructive airways disease. Long acting capsules and tablets must be swallowed whole. KEY POINT Theophylline, and its salt, aminophylline, are members of the methylxanthine group of drugs, which also includes dyphylline. However, in the customary hypotensive therapy dosages, prazosin does not appear to have significant effects on the bronchial muscle, and used … The mechanism of action of xanthines is unclear, and their clinical use in asthma and COPD has been relegated to second-line or third-line agents, although this remains an issue of debate. Church MK, Featherstone RL, Cushley MJ, Mann JS, Holgate ST. Methylxanthines have been used for the treatment of asthma for more than 60 years, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. The methylxanthines, theophylline, and dyphylline are used in the treatment of airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 5. Their ability to inhibit cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase has attracted much attention. This review of studies has established that there is evidence for useful effects of these drugs in terms of symptom relief and lung function, but also some evidence of side-effects. For patients that are experiencing an acute asthma exacerbation, systemic steroids should be used to decrease inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 74: 73–79, Kips J, Pauwels R, Van Der Straeten M (1989) Effect of theophylline on the endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Doxofylline: Indicated for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchial asthma and pulmonary disease with spastic bronchial component. Br Med J 297: 1506–1510, Clark H, Cushley MJ, Persson CGA, Holgate ST (1989) The protective effects of intravenous theophylline and enprofylline against histamine-and adenosine-5’- monophosphate-provoked bronchoconstriction: implications for the mechanisms of action of xanthine derivatives in asthma. These drugs were once main choice for treatment of asthma and bronchospasm. Drugs for Asthma/COPD - A Medical Primer for Physicians . Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. The derivatives of xanthine that are used most commonly in medicine have a methyl, or CH3, group on them. Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names. 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