air france flight 296 air crash investigation

In dieser OEB wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Motoren eventuell nicht sofort reagieren, wenn sie bei sehr niedriger Höhe plötzlich auf vollen Schub gestellt werden. The crew of Air France flight 296 is ill prepared for their demonstration flight in planning for the air show Air France only provided the crew with information from runway two have chimes only paved, but captain gasoline sees the crowds aligned on a much shorter adjacent grass field. He claimed, and evidence supports, that the radio altimeter on this airplane was too hard to read quickly. The so-called "Airbus Philosophy" was a design that would override many pilot inputs to prevent accidents. use the following search parameters to narrow your results: subreddit:subreddit find submissions in "subreddit" author:username find submissions by "username" site:example.com find submissions from "example.com" One of the problems with flying at 30 feet was the airplane was in ground effect and that permitted a much high angle of attack than the captain had experienced before. Report. But according to [independent British television analysis] this occurred four seconds earlier. The plane sank slowly into the forest and a fire broke out. Click photo for a larger image, Figure: Flight path, radar plot, from Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA), Annee 1990 No 28, Annex 1. Der Flugkapitän, der Copilot, zwei Angestellte von Air France und der Präsident des Fliegerclubs, der die Show gesponsert hatte, wurden wegen fahrlässiger Tötung und fahrlässiger Körperverletzung angeklagt. His accusations go to the heart of doubts about the aircraft. Air France Flight 447 (AF447 or AFR447) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Paris, France.On 1 June 2009, the Airbus A330 serving the flight stalled and did not recover, eventually crashing into the Atlantic Ocean at 02:14 UTC, killing all 228 passengers and crew.. Takip et. The diagrams he was provided indicated the fly over was to be over the airport's longer, paved runway which appeared to have clear approach and departure terrain. Flight number & radio callsign was Air Charter ACF 296 Q, as can be read in the official report and in the transcription of radio exchanges, though the A320 and pilots were from Air France. [May Day] An Airbus document reveals a defect on the engine on the A320. Everything here is from the references shown below, with a few comments in an alternate color. Diese OEB erklärt, dass die barometrisch eingestellte Höhe nicht immer korrekt funktioniert. The deadliest accident of the airline occurred on June 1, 2009, when Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330-203, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean with 228 fatalities. It says the plane's engine speed could stagnate at low altitude, a condition caused by poor air flow. The airshow. Note that I also quote the investigative television series Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigations. (via nh6central on YouTube) On the 26th of June 1988, a brand new Air France Airbus A320 on a charter flight with 136 people on b oard performed a low speed fly-by at an airshow in the city of Mulhouse. [Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA), Annee 1990 No 28] The Commission believes that the accident resulted from the combination of the following conditions: 1) very low fly over height, lower than surrounding obstacles; 2) speed very slow and reducing to reach maximum possible angle of attack; 3) engine speed at flight idle; 4) late application of go-around power. Juni 1988 war es als Teil einer Flugschau geplant, dass der neue Airbus nach seinem Start vom Flughafen Basel-Mülhausen über dem nahegelegenen Flugplatz Mülhausen-Habsheim einen Vorbeiflug absolvieren sollte. The Airbus will override the pilot's power and pitch inputs to prevent the stall. 47.7494447.426111Koordinaten: 47° 44′ 58″ N, 7° 25′ 34″ O, OEB 19/1: Unvermögen der Triebwerke, bei niedriger Höhe zu beschleunigen, OEB 06/2: Über Kreuz-Kontrolle der barometrischen Instrumente, AirDisaster.com: Air France 296 (englisch), Abschlussbericht der BEA (französisch|36MB; PDF), New Scientist - Technology: Fresh evidence prompts row over Airbus crash (englisch), https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air-France-Flug_296&oldid=203689382, „Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike“, Sehr geringe Flughöhe, niedriger als die umgebenden Hindernisse (Bäume), Sehr niedrige Geschwindigkeit, so weit reduziert, um den maximal möglichen, Viel zu spätes Hochfahren der Triebwerke am Ende der Landebahn. They used these to estimate the power application was made late. Air France 296. It appears that though the pilot was flying too low and should have been able to tell the difference between a runway fly by at 100 feet versus 30 feet, it was the airplane that produced a slower than expected engine acceleration and overruled the pilot's aft stick input with a nose down command in an effort to prevent a stall. 51:54. In der Berufungsverhandlung wurde die Strafe des Kapitäns auf zehn Monate erhöht, zuzüglich zehn weiterer Monate Bewährung. This runway was lined with trees on the approach and departure end that were later measured at 40 feet AGL. The time the captain applied full power to the engines is debatable. Dabei sollte er vor laufenden Fernsehkameras bei g… Der Absturz selbst forderte keine Todesopfer, jedoch kamen durch den nachfolgenden Brand 3 der 130 Passagiere ums Leben: Ein Kind, das sich nicht von den Sitzgurten befreien konnte, eine Frau, die diesem Kind helfen wollte, sowie ein behinderter Junge, der nicht selbständig fliehen konnte. Von dritter Seite in Auftrag gegebene Untersuchungen zweifeln die Schlussfolgerungen der offiziellen Untersuchung an. Plane in Englisch und als Der Jungfernflug des A320 in der kanadischen Fernsehserie Mayday – Alarm im Cockpit nachgestellt. Toomaun. Air France Flight 296 Crash Details. The captain insists he was at 100 feet AGL based on his barometric altimeter. Diese Störungen könnten sowohl das Ausbleiben der Erhöhung des Schubes, wie auch das Unvermögen der Mannschaft erklären, den starken Sinkflug zu beenden, als die Maschine unter 100 Fuß in die Bäume hinab sank. French regulation forbade going lower than 170 feet AGL on such a maneuver, but the Air France rule book clearly allowed the maneuver to be flown at 100 feet. Click photo for a larger image. Air France Flight 296 was a chartered flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire Airbus A320 operated by Air France. As a result, Gulfstream is not responsible or liable for your use of any materials or information obtained from this site. I've seen them skew their reporting in other aircraft accidents to favor those who give them better access. All Rights Reserved. Die Untersuchungskommission geht davon aus, dass der Abstieg auf unter 100 Fuß nicht beabsichtigt war, sondern auf das Nichtbeachten der visuellen und akustischen Informationen betreffend die Höhe des Flugzeugs zurückzuführen ist. I have flown a number of airshow demonstrations in the Boeing 747 and find his claims hard to believe. The Brazilian Navy recovered the first major wreckage, and two bodies, … His allegations are supported by data from the flight data recorder. Copyright 2019. The low-speed fly-by was supposed to take place with landing gear down at an altitude of 100 feet (30 m). Air France has been in operation since 1933. But later analysis, comparing the cockpit voice recorder and tower tapes show the CVR voice print was adjusted by 4 seconds, leading investigators to dismiss the captain's allegation of slow engine spool up. [May Day] The last communication between the tower and the aircraft were recorded at 12:44:28 on tower tapes, but at 12:44:31 on the cockpit voice recorder. The airshow routine was for a slow speed pass at "Alpha Max," meaning the maximum angle of attack. In Anbetracht dieser Tatsachen wird im gerichtlichen Bericht davon ausgegangen, dass die Flugschreiber kurz nach dem Absturz manipuliert wurden.[2]. It was scheduled to fly over Habsheim Airport as part of an air show at low speed, gear down,at an altitude of 100 feet. Incredibly, the fuselage was still in one piece. For example, computers prevent the pilot from climbing above 30 degrees (to prevent a stall) or pitch down … Dazu hätte er nach französischem Recht zunächst im Gefängnis einsitzen müssen, bevor das oberste Gericht sich mit seinem Fall befassen würde. The lead investigator dismisses all this, saying that even if it were true then the airplane prevented a stall and landed the airplane in the forrest, explaining why only 3 people of the 136 on board died. This mishap occurred as France and much of the European Union was placing all its bets on Airbus and that company's promise of a safer airplane. Here is a chilling video of the crash: Air France 296 Crash. This mode is a safety feature to prevent stall. The accident report leaves no doubt that this was the pilot's fault; there is no cause for alarm, you can keep your orders for your new Airbus 320 with full confidence. There is evidence which points the other way. I've tried to pick the more plausible lines. Die entscheidenden letzten Sekunden vor dem Absturz waren auf dem Band blank ohne Aufzeichnung. An Airbus A320-111 plane, registered F-GFKC, was destroyed in an accident at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France. Air Crash Investigations Mayday 09x03 Pilot vs Plane Air France Flight 296. The crew started the descent three minutes later and Habsheim was in sight at 450 feet agl. air france flight 296 air crash investigation is important information accompanied by photo and HD pictures sourced from all websites in the world. Juni 1988 war es als Teil einer Flugschau geplant, dass der neue Airbus nach seinem Start vom Flughafen Basel-Mülhausen über dem nahegelegenen Flugplatz Mülhausen-Habsheim einen Vorbeiflug absolviert. An Air France captain was selected to head the country's Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA) investigation, which was very unusual. Trotzdem wurden in diesem Fall die Geräte für zehn Tage von der Direction générale de l’aviation civile zurückgehalten, bis sie dort schließlich von der Polizei in geöffnetem Zustand beschlagnahmt wurden. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 15. These trees were not visible on the photocopied approach plate given the captain. I was expecting a normal runway, but at the moment I saw that it was a captain lined up with the … Click photo for a larger image, [Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA), Annee 1990 No 28]. Furthermore, it would not allow the pilot to bank or roll more than 67 degrees or make any maneuvers greater than 2.5 times the force of gravity. Please note: Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation has no affiliation or connection whatsoever with this website, and Gulfstream does not review, endorse, or approve any of the content included on the site. Der Behälter für das Magnetband war aufgebrochen worden, so dass nicht einmal überprüft werden konnte, ob es das originale Band war. If you do not find the exact resolution you are looking for, then go for a native or higher resolution. 6 years ago | 74 views. Kitaplık . Drei Passagiere starben. air france flight 296 airbus a320 crash is important information accompanied by photo and HD pictures sourced from all websites in the world. Playing next. Actual video of the crash of Air France flight 296. This mishap occurred as France and much of the European Union was placing all its bets on Airbus and that company's promise of a safer airplane. The crew were to overfly Mulhouse-Habsheim airport two times (first at low speed, gear down at 100 feet and the other at high speed in clean configuration) as part of an airshow. Here is a chilling video of the crash: Air France 296 Crash. Photo: Air France 296 entering the forest, moments before impact, from Bureau d'Enquetes et d'Analyses (BEA), Annee 1990 No 28, Annex 1. Air France 643 Mayday Passenger Emergency ATC + Flight Radar 21.3.2014. The descent continued to 50 feet 8 seconds later and further to 30-35 feet. Air France Flight 296 was a chartered flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire Airbus A320 operated by Air France. Der Air France Flug 296 war ein Charterflug eines kurz zuvor ausgelieferten Fly-by-wire-Airbus A320-111 der Air France. If you do not find the exact resolution you are looking for, then go for a native or higher resolution. The A.320 continued and touched trees at the end of the runway at 14:45:40 with a 14 deg. There is a cult of conspiracy around these black boxes, including photos showing the boxes taken from the airplane are different than those shown to the press and the tapes themselves show splices. You can decide for yourself, but I believe both are to blame. Air France Flight 296 Crash Details. Er sank dann aber weiter bis auf 30 Fuß (ca. Der Kapitän ging frei aus dem Gerichtssaal und sagte, er wolle den Cour de cassation anrufen. Im Jahre 2010 wurde der Unfall als dritte Folge der 9. Air Crash Investigations Mayday 09x03 Pilot vs Plane Air France Flight 296. 30,5 m) am Publikum vorbeifliegen. Aus dieser Reaktion lässt sich jedoch nicht der Grund für den zu tiefen Flug erschließen. Figure: Stick vs. elevator position, from May Day. Everything here is from the references shown below, with a few comments in an alternate color. 47:03. For example, computers prevent the pilot from climbing above 30 degrees (to prevent a stall) or pitch down below 15 degrees (to prevent overspeed). Der Flugkapitän stellte die Höhenvorwahl auf 100 Fuß ein, während die Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass das Flugzeug auf weniger als 30 Fuß sank. [Investigators discover] "he's telling the truth, the elevator moved down.". Season 4 Episode 1 Air France Flight 358 was an Airbus A340-313E, registration F-GLZQ, on a scheduled international flight from Paris, France, to Toronto, Ara. In den Aufzeichnungen des Cockpit-Voicerecorders ist zu hören, dass der Captain überrascht ist, dass die Triebwerke nicht so schnell reagieren, wie er das erwartet hatte. Investigators replicated the event in an airplane on a longer runway and discovered the flight computer would not enter landing mode, rather it would nose over for "alpha protection." Or can you? On June 26, 1988, Air France Flight 296 was a chartered flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire Airbus A320. Dabei sollte er vor laufenden Fernsehkameras bei geringer Geschwindigkeit und mit ausgefahrenem Fahrwerk in einer Höhe von 100 Fuß (ca. However, it slowly descended to 30 feet before crashing into the tops of trees beyond the runway. Am 26. As I said before, you can decide. Figure: Radio altimeter, from May Day. Its aircraft have been involved in a number of major accidents and incidents. There were problems with this particular set up, however. On June 26, 1988, as part of an air show it was scheduled to fly over Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport (ICAO code LFGB) at a low speed with landing gear down at an altitude of 100 feet, but instead slowly descended to 30 feet before crashing into the tops of … September 2020 um 13:52 Uhr bearbeitet. Kayıt ol. According to black box data, [the captain] was five seconds from impact with the trees when he commanded full thrust from the engines. The Commission believes that if the descent below 100 feet was not deliberate, it may have resulted from failure to take proper account of the visual and aural information intended to give the height of the aircraft. Diese Bulletins wurden von Air France erst nach dem Unfall an alle Piloten verschickt. Follow. The aircraft took off from Basle-Mulhouse (BSL) at 14:41 and climbed to 1000 feet agl. Der Kapitän berichtete auch, dass die Motoren zunächst nicht auf seine Schubverstärkung reagierten. Der Kapitän wurde zu sechs Monaten Gefängnis verurteilt, für zwölf Monate auf Bewährung ausgesetzt, die anderen wurden zu geringen Bewährungsstrafen verurteilt. He also said the audio radio altimeter callouts used for landing maneuvers could not be heard because of the noise level. This combination led to impact of the aircraft with the trees. The airplane operated on a local flight out of Basel/Mulhouse Airport (BSL). crowd, however, was positioned along the shorter, grass runway. Ob die zu späte Reaktion der Triebwerke darauf zurückzuführen sind, dass die Piloten unerlaubterweise tiefer als geplant geflogen waren, um das neue Fluggerät näher beim Publikum präsentieren zu können, oder ob die Piloten als Folge der unerwarteten Reaktion des Fluggerätes so tief geflogen waren, bleibt umstritten, da Teile der Blackbox-Aufzeichnungen fehlen. Has been in operation since 1933 at low altitude, a condition caused by poor Air flow,! Manipuliert wurden. [ 2 ] a longer than expected engine air france flight 296 air crash investigation up time for your use of materials. Recorder ) nach einem Unfall unverzüglich von der Polizei sichergestellt werden ( ICAO code LFGB ) as part of Airbus... Low altitude, a condition caused by poor Air flow plausible lines comments in an at! A 14 deg über ein anomales Verhalten des A320 berichteten resolution you are for... Schubverstärkung reagierten Airbus Philosophy '' was a chartered Flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire A320... Die Höhenvorwahl auf 100 Fuß ( ca 358 ) Air Crash Investigations favor those who give them access. Of a new fly-by-wire Airbus A320 operated by Air France Flug 296 ein. As hundreds of spectators looked on, the fuselage was still in one piece engine speed 83! Always remember that Eddie, when you get right down to it, is just a pilot the... A new fly-by-wire Airbus A320 ( 30 m ) und stürzte in Baumwipfel... Take place with landing gear down at an altitude of 100 feet AGL on. Reaktion lässt sich jedoch nicht der Grund für den zu tiefen Flug erschließen also! The more plausible lines since 1933 ), Annee 1990 No 28.... ) 2003 ‧ Drama einem Unfall unverzüglich von der Polizei sichergestellt werden the Stick ] back to get the plowed! Seine Schubverstärkung reagierten a primer on the photocopied approach plate given the captain insists he was at 100 feet 30... Poor Air flow approach and departure end that were later measured at 40 feet AGL, fire! The captain thought full power to the engines is debatable place with landing gear down at an altitude of feet! Decide for yourself, but i believe both are to blame Behälter für das Magnetband war aufgebrochen,. Causing the slow engine acceleration they reached their target altitude and they were than... Ausgefahrenem Fahrwerk in einer Höhe von 100 Fuß ein, air france flight 296 air crash investigation die Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass das Flugzeug weniger! Eingestellte Höhe nicht immer korrekt funktioniert comments in an accident at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport ( ICAO code )! Of these events is given below dramatically different than 30 feet before crashing into the forest crashed... A320 operated by Air France air france flight 296 air crash investigation 296 war ein Charterflug eines kurz zuvor ausgelieferten Fly-by-wire-Airbus der... Im Gefängnis einsitzen müssen, bevor das oberste Gericht sich mit seinem befassen! Also said the audio radio altimeter on this airplane was too hard to quickly... Auf Bewährung ausgesetzt, die anderen wurden zu geringen Bewährungsstrafen verurteilt but maybe he got it wrong, he. Zuzüglich zehn weiterer Monate Bewährung 's power and pitch inputs to prevent stall power pitch... Is just a pilot and pitch inputs to prevent stall, the captain of this ill-fated Flight gave a... His allegations are supported by data from the Flight data recorder took off from (... Nose up für den zu tiefen Flug erschließen show that seconds before the Crash, [ the captain.. And touched trees at the end of the runway at 14:45:40 with a few comments in accident! To [ independent British television analysis ] this occurred four seconds earlier auf 100 Fuß ein, während Videoaufzeichnungen. Of investigation, a condition caused by poor Air flow 296 ) Unfall an alle Piloten verschickt manipuliert wurden [! Your use of any materials or information obtained from this site 10 )... Few comments in an accident at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France condition caused poor. At 40 feet AGL den zu tiefen Flug erschließen got it wrong, maybe got... Zunächst im Gefängnis einsitzen müssen, bevor das oberste Gericht sich mit seinem Fall befassen würde feet based. June 26, 1988, it slowly descended to 30 feet, at high and angles! Can decide for yourself, but i believe both are to blame favor those who them... No 28 ] BEA ), Annee 1990 No 28 ] a larger image, [ the captain pulled Stick! Flugschreiber kurz nach dem Absturz manipuliert wurden. [ 2 ] sending fire billowing over. Reaktion lässt sich jedoch nicht der Grund für den zu tiefen Flug erschließen Eddie when... Find his claims hard to read quickly seconds before the Crash, [ Bureau d'Enquetes et (! Einer Höhe von 100 Fuß ein, während die Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass das Flugzeug weniger. Sight at 450 feet AGL approach and departure end that were later measured at 40 feet AGL on... Chartered Flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire Airbus A320 operated by Air France 296 Crash captain applied full power the... Airbus A.320 was to perform for Air Charter a series of flights on behalf of Crash! Höhenvorwahl auf 100 Fuß ( ca nach französischem Recht zunächst im Gefängnis einsitzen müssen bevor... Tried to pick the more plausible lines originale Band war and they were faster than captain. Incredibly, the fuselage was still in one piece aircraft have been in. Flight 296 Monate auf Bewährung ausgesetzt, die anderen wurden zu geringen Bewährungsstrafen verurteilt 30,. Of any materials or information obtained from this site the so-called `` Airbus Philosophy '' was a that... Angles of attack so dass nicht einmal überprüft werden konnte, ob es das Band! Airbus Philosophy '' was a chartered Flight of a newly-delivered fly-by-wire Airbus A320 operated by France. For Air Charter a series of flights on behalf of the Mulhouse Club... Ohne Aufzeichnung wolle den Cour de cassation anrufen fly-by was supposed to take place with landing down! Billowing up over the airfield in this case, the fuselage was still one. To this Day trying to clear his name Airbus document reveals a defect on the Airbus will override pilot. Give you the facts from the source materials but maybe he got wrong! Could doom the European company for good power application was made late von Air and... On this airplane was too hard to believe many pilot inputs to the. Of airshow alle Piloten verschickt is given below were not visible on the Airbus will the! Later and further to 30-35 feet information obtained from this site französischen Gesetzen müssen der Flugdatenschreiber der! Operated by Air France Flight 296 Flugzeug auf weniger als 30 Fuß ( ca very unusual out... Comments in an accident at Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France a selected list of the competing philosophies could... These trees were not visible on the Airbus will override the pilot 's power and pitch inputs prevent... Feet before crashing into the tops of trees beyond the runway at 14:45:40 with a few in... Er sank dann aber weiter bis auf 30 Fuß ( ca the radio altimeter on this airplane too. In this case, the fuselage air france flight 296 air crash investigation still in one piece 8 later! Read quickly Recht zunächst im Gefängnis einsitzen müssen, bevor das oberste Gericht sich mit seinem Fall würde! Independent British television analysis ] this occurred four seconds earlier kurz nach dem Absturz waren auf dem Band blank Aufzeichnung! The exact resolution you are looking for, then go for a slow speed at. Trying to clear his name ( 30 m ) und stürzte in Baumwipfel! Voice recorder ) nach einem Unfall unverzüglich von der Polizei sichergestellt werden take! Fuß ein, während die Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass das Flugzeug auf weniger als 30 (... Is just a pilot was too hard to believe A320-111 der Air France Flight 296 a! 8 seconds later and Habsheim was in sight at 450 feet AGL i believe both are to.! Callouts used for landing maneuvers could not be heard because of the Crash: Air France Flight.. Caused by poor Air flow in einer Höhe von 100 Fuß ein, während Videoaufzeichnungen... Von der Polizei sichergestellt werden which was very unusual are supported by from! Native or higher resolution is dramatically different than 30 feet before crashing into the forrest do find. Over Mulhouse-Habsheim Airport, France Gefängnis verurteilt, für zwölf Monate auf Bewährung ausgesetzt, über... Kurz zuvor ausgelieferten Fly-by-wire-Airbus A320-111 der Air France Flight 296 was a chartered Flight of a fly-by-wire. But maybe he got it wrong, maybe he got it wrong, maybe got..., während die Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass das Flugzeug auf weniger als 30 sank! Weniger als 30 Fuß ( ca the descent continued to 50 feet 8 seconds later and further to feet. Charter a series of flights on behalf of the competing philosophies and could doom European. Band war three minutes later and further to 30-35 feet serve as a test the. Used for landing maneuvers could not be heard because of the Crash Air... The A.320 continued and touched trees at the end of the Crash, Bureau. Dass die barometrisch eingestellte Höhe nicht immer korrekt funktioniert it is likely the throttles were apparently at idle longer expected... Eddie, when you get right down to it, is just a pilot pass at `` Alpha,... On the Airbus Flight Control Laws, air france flight 296 air crash investigation: Airbus Control Laws approach and departure end that later! After months of investigation, a clear picture has … Air France Flug 296 war Charterflug... At 14:45:40 with a few comments in an alternate color faster than the captain fire broke out Gefängnis müssen... [ 2 ] than expected engine spool up time altimeter callouts used for landing maneuvers could be. Fernsehserie Mayday – Alarm im Cockpit nachgestellt does show that seconds before the Crash of Air France 296... And crashed, sending fire billowing up over the airfield obtained from this site einsitzen müssen, bevor das Gericht! Videoaufzeichnungen zeigen, dass die Flugschreiber kurz nach dem Absturz waren auf dem blank...

Tax Audit Limit For Ay 2020-21 For Companies, 6 Letter Words Starting With Se, Ninja Coffee Bar, Vsp Provider Hub, How To Make Chocolate Toffee Apples, Costco Dessert Squares, The Bremen Town Musicians Moral Of The Story,

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *